In the face of climate change and environmental degradation, agriculture stands at a critical juncture. Conventional farming practices, characterized by intensive chemical use and unsustainable land management, are no longer viable solutions.
To meet the challenges of the 21st century, we must embrace sustainable farming practices that prioritize environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social equity. But how do we achieve this Holy Grail? Biotechnology, with its innovative approaches and scientific advancements, is poised to lead the way in revolutionizing agriculture towards sustainability.
The dichotomy of conventional vs. sustainable agriculture
Conventional agriculture, driven by the pursuit of maximum yields and profit, has relied heavily on synthetic inputs and intensive farming practices. However, this approach has come at a cost – soil degradation, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. In contrast, sustainable agriculture seeks to harmonize economic profitability with environmental stewardship and social equity. By integrating regenerative approaches and ecological principles, sustainable farming practices aim to ensure long-term food security and ecosystem resilience.
So exactly what is sustainable agriculture?
At its core, sustainable agriculture seeks to fulfill society’s food and fiber needs while enhancing environmental quality and economic profitability. It emphasizes the efficient use of on-farm resources, the preservation of soil health and biodiversity, and the improvement of farm economics and societal well-being.
The role of biotechnology in sustainable agriculture
Biotechnology holds immense promise in transforming agriculture towards sustainability. Recent advancements in biotechnology research have focused on elucidating molecular mechanisms and applying this knowledge to improve crop yield and resilience. Genetic engineering, molecular breeding, process modulation, precision fermentation for high value molecules, microbes and microbiome engineering are just a few examples of biotechnological tools that hold the key to sustainable farming practices.
Better planting material:
One of the first adoptions of biotechnology for agriculture was done in the seed industry. Molecular breeding, genetic engineering, pathway modification, trait modification to now gene editing. Understanding underlying molecular mechanisms for future genetic engineering has fuelled research in the past few decades.
Biologicals
However more recently the knowledge of pathway modulation, molecular controls is being used to generate biologicals with molecules that modulate different traits. Widely known as “sprayable traits” for their ability to confer traits in crops. These molecular switches are at the forefront, leading the most cutting edge research on biologicals. A example of this Verdant, developed by Bioprime based on cell wall precursors that induce cell wall modification and strengthening making crops drought and heat tolerant
Yield improvement
Yield improvement focuses on better enzymatic process like RUBISCO for better photosynthesis and higher photosynthesizing ability even in stress conditions. The metabolic pathway of photorespiration detoxifies it for performing photosynthesis in O2 containing atmosphere, which can cost a yield penalty of 20% to 50% depending on the environmental conditions and the type of photosynthesis employed.
Enhancing nutrient use efficiency
Maximizing nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is critical for sustainable agriculture, as it reduces fertilizer input, improves yield, and minimizes environmental losses. Biotechnology offers innovative solutions for enhancing NUE, such as genetic manipulation of nutrient uptake and metabolism genes and the development of microbial strains that improve nutrient availability and uptake. For example, the overexpression of key genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, such as glutamine synthetase (GS) and nitrate transporters (NRT), has been shown to significantly enhance NUE in crop plants, resulting in higher yields and reduced nitrogen runoff.
Building climate resilience
Climate change poses a significant threat to global food security, with extreme weather events and changing climatic patterns impacting crop production worldwide. Biotechnology offers tools for developing climate-resilient crop varieties that can withstand abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and temperature extremes. For instance, the development of genetically engineered maize varieties with enhanced drought tolerance through the overexpression of drought-responsive genes has enabled farmers to maintain yields under water-stressed conditions, reducing crop losses and ensuring food security in drought-prone regions.
Harnessing the power of the microbiome
The plant microbiome plays a crucial role in determining crop health and resilience to environmental stresses. By harnessing the power of beneficial microbes, microbiome engineering can improve disease resistance, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance in crops, leading to higher yields and reduced chemical inputs. For example, the inoculation of crop plants with beneficial microbial consortia has been shown to enhance plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance in various crops, including rice, wheat, and soybean. Microbes associated with Sorghum from arid regions were shown to enhance crop resilience in tomato, chili etc.
Promoting nutrient-dense food
Biofortification, the process of increasing the nutrient content of crops through conventional breeding or biotechnological methods, offers a promising solution to malnutrition and food insecurity. Biotechnology enables the development of nutrient-dense crop varieties with improved nutrient uptake and retention, ensuring access to nutritious food for all. For example, the development of biofortified rice varieties with enhanced iron and zinc content through genetic engineering has been successfully commercialized in several countries, addressing micronutrient deficiencies and improving public health outcomes.
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The agricultural revolution in the 21st century is the cumulative effect of improved agronomic management, plant breeding, fertilizer technology, and farm mechanization, which has dramatically improved crop production. However, climate change, abiotic and biotic stress, biodiversity losses, and soil degradation will potentially affect crop production, as studies have described yield stagnation and increased yield variability in recent years. As we stand on the cusp of a new agricultural revolution, biotechnology emerges as a powerful tool for transforming farming practices towards sustainability. From enhancing nutrient use efficiency to building climate resilience and promoting nutrient-dense food, biotechnology holds the key to a sustainable future for agriculture and our planet. Let us embrace the power of biotechnology and embark on a journey towards a more sustainable and resilient food system.
